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"""Array printing function
$Id: arrayprint.py,v 1.9 2005/09/13 13:58:44 teoliphant Exp $
"""
from __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function
__all__ = ["array2string", "set_printoptions", "get_printoptions"]
__docformat__ = 'restructuredtext'
#
# Written by Konrad Hinsen <hinsenk@ere.umontreal.ca>
# last revision: 1996-3-13
# modified by Jim Hugunin 1997-3-3 for repr's and str's (and other details)
# and by Perry Greenfield 2000-4-1 for numarray
# and by Travis Oliphant 2005-8-22 for numpy
import sys
import functools
if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
try:
from _thread import get_ident
except ImportError:
from _dummy_thread import get_ident
else:
try:
from thread import get_ident
except ImportError:
from dummy_thread import get_ident
from . import numerictypes as _nt
from .umath import maximum, minimum, absolute, not_equal, isnan, isinf
from .multiarray import (array, format_longfloat, datetime_as_string,
datetime_data, dtype)
from .fromnumeric import ravel
from .numeric import asarray
if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
_MAXINT = sys.maxsize
_MININT = -sys.maxsize - 1
else:
_MAXINT = sys.maxint
_MININT = -sys.maxint - 1
def product(x, y):
return x*y
_summaryEdgeItems = 3 # repr N leading and trailing items of each dimension
_summaryThreshold = 1000 # total items > triggers array summarization
_float_output_precision = 8
_float_output_suppress_small = False
_line_width = 75
_nan_str = 'nan'
_inf_str = 'inf'
_formatter = None # formatting function for array elements
def set_printoptions(precision=None, threshold=None, edgeitems=None,
linewidth=None, suppress=None,
nanstr=None, infstr=None,
formatter=None):
"""
Set printing options.
These options determine the way floating point numbers, arrays and
other NumPy objects are displayed.
Parameters
----------
precision : int, optional
Number of digits of precision for floating point output (default 8).
threshold : int, optional
Total number of array elements which trigger summarization
rather than full repr (default 1000).
edgeitems : int, optional
Number of array items in summary at beginning and end of
each dimension (default 3).
linewidth : int, optional
The number of characters per line for the purpose of inserting
line breaks (default 75).
suppress : bool, optional
Whether or not suppress printing of small floating point values
using scientific notation (default False).
nanstr : str, optional
String representation of floating point not-a-number (default nan).
infstr : str, optional
String representation of floating point infinity (default inf).
formatter : dict of callables, optional
If not None, the keys should indicate the type(s) that the respective
formatting function applies to. Callables should return a string.
Types that are not specified (by their corresponding keys) are handled
by the default formatters. Individual types for which a formatter
can be set are::
- 'bool'
- 'int'
- 'timedelta' : a `numpy.timedelta64`
- 'datetime' : a `numpy.datetime64`
- 'float'
- 'longfloat' : 128-bit floats
- 'complexfloat'
- 'longcomplexfloat' : composed of two 128-bit floats
- 'numpystr' : types `numpy.string_` and `numpy.unicode_`
- 'object' : `np.object_` arrays
- 'str' : all other strings
Other keys that can be used to set a group of types at once are::
- 'all' : sets all types
- 'int_kind' : sets 'int'
- 'float_kind' : sets 'float' and 'longfloat'
- 'complex_kind' : sets 'complexfloat' and 'longcomplexfloat'
- 'str_kind' : sets 'str' and 'numpystr'
See Also
--------
get_printoptions, set_string_function, array2string
Notes
-----
`formatter` is always reset with a call to `set_printoptions`.
Examples
--------
Floating point precision can be set:
>>> np.set_printoptions(precision=4)
>>> print(np.array([1.123456789]))
[ 1.1235]
Long arrays can be summarised:
>>> np.set_printoptions(threshold=5)
>>> print(np.arange(10))
[0 1 2 ..., 7 8 9]
Small results can be suppressed:
>>> eps = np.finfo(float).eps
>>> x = np.arange(4.)
>>> x**2 - (x + eps)**2
array([ -4.9304e-32, -4.4409e-16, 0.0000e+00, 0.0000e+00])
>>> np.set_printoptions(suppress=True)
>>> x**2 - (x + eps)**2
array([-0., -0., 0., 0.])
A custom formatter can be used to display array elements as desired:
>>> np.set_printoptions(formatter={'all':lambda x: 'int: '+str(-x)})
>>> x = np.arange(3)
>>> x
array([int: 0, int: -1, int: -2])
>>> np.set_printoptions() # formatter gets reset
>>> x
array([0, 1, 2])
To put back the default options, you can use:
>>> np.set_printoptions(edgeitems=3,infstr='inf',
... linewidth=75, nanstr='nan', precision=8,
... suppress=False, threshold=1000, formatter=None)
"""
global _summaryThreshold, _summaryEdgeItems, _float_output_precision
global _line_width, _float_output_suppress_small, _nan_str, _inf_str
global _formatter
if linewidth is not None:
_line_width = linewidth
if threshold is not None:
_summaryThreshold = threshold
if edgeitems is not None:
_summaryEdgeItems = edgeitems
if precision is not None:
_float_output_precision = precision
if suppress is not None:
_float_output_suppress_small = not not suppress
if nanstr is not None:
_nan_str = nanstr
if infstr is not None:
_inf_str = infstr
_formatter = formatter
def get_printoptions():
"""
Return the current print options.
Returns
-------
print_opts : dict
Dictionary of current print options with keys
- precision : int
- threshold : int
- edgeitems : int
- linewidth : int
- suppress : bool
- nanstr : str
- infstr : str
- formatter : dict of callables
For a full description of these options, see `set_printoptions`.
See Also
--------
set_printoptions, set_string_function
"""
d = dict(precision=_float_output_precision,
threshold=_summaryThreshold,
edgeitems=_summaryEdgeItems,
linewidth=_line_width,
suppress=_float_output_suppress_small,
nanstr=_nan_str,
infstr=_inf_str,
formatter=_formatter)
return d
def _leading_trailing(a):
from . import numeric as _nc
if a.ndim == 1:
if len(a) > 2*_summaryEdgeItems:
b = _nc.concatenate((a[:_summaryEdgeItems],
a[-_summaryEdgeItems:]))
else:
b = a
else:
if len(a) > 2*_summaryEdgeItems:
l = [_leading_trailing(a[i]) for i in range(
min(len(a), _summaryEdgeItems))]
l.extend([_leading_trailing(a[-i]) for i in range(
min(len(a), _summaryEdgeItems), 0, -1)])
else:
l = [_leading_trailing(a[i]) for i in range(0, len(a))]
b = _nc.concatenate(tuple(l))
return b
def _boolFormatter(x):
if x:
return ' True'
else:
return 'False'
def _object_format(o):
""" Object arrays containing lists should be printed unambiguously """
if type(o) is list:
fmt = 'list({!r})'
else:
fmt = '{!r}'
return fmt.format(o)
def repr_format(x):
return repr(x)
def _get_formatdict(data, precision, suppress_small, formatter):
# wrapped in lambdas to avoid taking a code path with the wrong type of data
formatdict = {'bool': lambda: _boolFormatter,
'int': lambda: IntegerFormat(data),
'float': lambda: FloatFormat(data, precision, suppress_small),
'longfloat': lambda: LongFloatFormat(precision),
'complexfloat': lambda: ComplexFormat(data, precision,
suppress_small),
'longcomplexfloat': lambda: LongComplexFormat(precision),
'datetime': lambda: DatetimeFormat(data),
'timedelta': lambda: TimedeltaFormat(data),
'object': lambda: _object_format,
'numpystr': lambda: repr_format,
'str': lambda: str}
# we need to wrap values in `formatter` in a lambda, so that the interface
# is the same as the above values.
def indirect(x):
return lambda: x
if formatter is not None:
fkeys = [k for k in formatter.keys() if formatter[k] is not None]
if 'all' in fkeys:
for key in formatdict.keys():
formatdict[key] = indirect(formatter['all'])
if 'int_kind' in fkeys:
for key in ['int']:
formatdict[key] = indirect(formatter['int_kind'])
if 'float_kind' in fkeys:
for key in ['float', 'longfloat']:
formatdict[key] = indirect(formatter['float_kind'])
if 'complex_kind' in fkeys:
for key in ['complexfloat', 'longcomplexfloat']:
formatdict[key] = indirect(formatter['complex_kind'])
if 'str_kind' in fkeys:
for key in ['numpystr', 'str']:
formatdict[key] = indirect(formatter['str_kind'])
for key in formatdict.keys():
if key in fkeys:
formatdict[key] = indirect(formatter[key])
return formatdict
def _get_format_function(data, precision, suppress_small, formatter):
"""
find the right formatting function for the dtype_
"""
dtype_ = data.dtype
if dtype_.fields is not None:
format_functions = []
for field_name in dtype_.names:
field_values = data[field_name]
format_function = _get_format_function(
ravel(field_values), precision, suppress_small, formatter)
if dtype_[field_name].shape != ():
format_function = SubArrayFormat(format_function)
format_functions.append(format_function)
return StructureFormat(format_functions)
dtypeobj = dtype_.type
formatdict = _get_formatdict(data, precision, suppress_small, formatter)
if issubclass(dtypeobj, _nt.bool_):
return formatdict['bool']()
elif issubclass(dtypeobj, _nt.integer):
if issubclass(dtypeobj, _nt.timedelta64):
return formatdict['timedelta']()
else:
return formatdict['int']()
elif issubclass(dtypeobj, _nt.floating):
if issubclass(dtypeobj, _nt.longfloat):
return formatdict['longfloat']()
else:
return formatdict['float']()
elif issubclass(dtypeobj, _nt.complexfloating):
if issubclass(dtypeobj, _nt.clongfloat):
return formatdict['longcomplexfloat']()
else:
return formatdict['complexfloat']()
elif issubclass(dtypeobj, (_nt.unicode_, _nt.string_)):
return formatdict['numpystr']()
elif issubclass(dtypeobj, _nt.datetime64):
return formatdict['datetime']()
elif issubclass(dtypeobj, _nt.object_):
return formatdict['object']()
else:
return formatdict['numpystr']()
def _array2string(a, max_line_width, precision, suppress_small, separator=' ',
prefix="", formatter=None):
if a.size > _summaryThreshold:
summary_insert = "..., "
data = _leading_trailing(a)
else:
summary_insert = ""
data = ravel(asarray(a))
# find the right formatting function for the array
format_function = _get_format_function(data, precision,
suppress_small, formatter)
# skip over "["
next_line_prefix = " "
# skip over array(
next_line_prefix += " "*len(prefix)
lst = _formatArray(a, format_function, a.ndim, max_line_width,
next_line_prefix, separator,
_summaryEdgeItems, summary_insert)[:-1]
return lst
def _recursive_guard(fillvalue='...'):
"""
Like the python 3.2 reprlib.recursive_repr, but forwards *args and **kwargs
Decorates a function such that if it calls itself with the same first
argument, it returns `fillvalue` instead of recursing.
Largely copied from reprlib.recursive_repr
"""
def decorating_function(f):
repr_running = set()
@functools.wraps(f)
def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
key = id(self), get_ident()
if key in repr_running:
return fillvalue
repr_running.add(key)
try:
return f(self, *args, **kwargs)
finally:
repr_running.discard(key)
return wrapper
return decorating_function
# gracefully handle recursive calls - this comes up when object arrays contain
# themselves
@_recursive_guard()
def array2string(a, max_line_width=None, precision=None,
suppress_small=None, separator=' ', prefix="",
style=repr, formatter=None):
"""
Return a string representation of an array.
Parameters
----------
a : ndarray
Input array.
max_line_width : int, optional
The maximum number of columns the string should span. Newline
characters splits the string appropriately after array elements.
precision : int, optional
Floating point precision. Default is the current printing
precision (usually 8), which can be altered using `set_printoptions`.
suppress_small : bool, optional
Represent very small numbers as zero. A number is "very small" if it
is smaller than the current printing precision.
separator : str, optional
Inserted between elements.
prefix : str, optional
An array is typically printed as::
'prefix(' + array2string(a) + ')'
The length of the prefix string is used to align the
output correctly.
style : function, optional
A function that accepts an ndarray and returns a string. Used only
when the shape of `a` is equal to ``()``, i.e. for 0-D arrays.
formatter : dict of callables, optional
If not None, the keys should indicate the type(s) that the respective
formatting function applies to. Callables should return a string.
Types that are not specified (by their corresponding keys) are handled
by the default formatters. Individual types for which a formatter
can be set are::
- 'bool'
- 'int'
- 'timedelta' : a `numpy.timedelta64`
- 'datetime' : a `numpy.datetime64`
- 'float'
- 'longfloat' : 128-bit floats
- 'complexfloat'
- 'longcomplexfloat' : composed of two 128-bit floats
- 'numpystr' : types `numpy.string_` and `numpy.unicode_`
- 'str' : all other strings
Other keys that can be used to set a group of types at once are::
- 'all' : sets all types
- 'int_kind' : sets 'int'
- 'float_kind' : sets 'float' and 'longfloat'
- 'complex_kind' : sets 'complexfloat' and 'longcomplexfloat'
- 'str_kind' : sets 'str' and 'numpystr'
Returns
-------
array_str : str
String representation of the array.
Raises
------
TypeError
if a callable in `formatter` does not return a string.
See Also
--------
array_str, array_repr, set_printoptions, get_printoptions
Notes
-----
If a formatter is specified for a certain type, the `precision` keyword is
ignored for that type.
This is a very flexible function; `array_repr` and `array_str` are using
`array2string` internally so keywords with the same name should work
identically in all three functions.
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.array([1e-16,1,2,3])
>>> print(np.array2string(x, precision=2, separator=',',
... suppress_small=True))
[ 0., 1., 2., 3.]
>>> x = np.arange(3.)
>>> np.array2string(x, formatter={'float_kind':lambda x: "%.2f" % x})
'[0.00 1.00 2.00]'
>>> x = np.arange(3)
>>> np.array2string(x, formatter={'int':lambda x: hex(x)})
'[0x0L 0x1L 0x2L]'
"""
if max_line_width is None:
max_line_width = _line_width
if precision is None:
precision = _float_output_precision
if suppress_small is None:
suppress_small = _float_output_suppress_small
if formatter is None:
formatter = _formatter
if a.shape == ():
x = a.item()
if a.dtype.fields is not None:
arr = array([x], dtype=a.dtype)
format_function = _get_format_function(
arr, precision, suppress_small, formatter)
lst = format_function(arr[0])
else:
lst = style(x)
elif functools.reduce(product, a.shape) == 0:
# treat as a null array if any of shape elements == 0
lst = "[]"
else:
lst = _array2string(a, max_line_width, precision, suppress_small,
separator, prefix, formatter=formatter)
return lst
def _extendLine(s, line, word, max_line_len, next_line_prefix):
if len(line.rstrip()) + len(word.rstrip()) >= max_line_len:
s += line.rstrip() + "\n"
line = next_line_prefix
line += word
return s, line
def _formatArray(a, format_function, rank, max_line_len,
next_line_prefix, separator, edge_items, summary_insert):
"""formatArray is designed for two modes of operation:
1. Full output
2. Summarized output
"""
if rank == 0:
raise ValueError("rank shouldn't be zero.")
if summary_insert and 2*edge_items < len(a):
leading_items = edge_items
trailing_items = edge_items
summary_insert1 = summary_insert
else:
leading_items = 0
trailing_items = len(a)
summary_insert1 = ""
if rank == 1:
s = ""
line = next_line_prefix
for i in range(leading_items):
word = format_function(a[i]) + separator
s, line = _extendLine(s, line, word, max_line_len, next_line_prefix)
if summary_insert1:
s, line = _extendLine(s, line, summary_insert1, max_line_len, next_line_prefix)
for i in range(trailing_items, 1, -1):
word = format_function(a[-i]) + separator
s, line = _extendLine(s, line, word, max_line_len, next_line_prefix)
word = format_function(a[-1])
s, line = _extendLine(s, line, word, max_line_len, next_line_prefix)
s += line + "]\n"
s = '[' + s[len(next_line_prefix):]
else:
s = '['
sep = separator.rstrip()
for i in range(leading_items):
if i > 0:
s += next_line_prefix
s += _formatArray(a[i], format_function, rank-1, max_line_len,
" " + next_line_prefix, separator, edge_items,
summary_insert)
s = s.rstrip() + sep.rstrip() + '\n'*max(rank-1, 1)
if summary_insert1:
s += next_line_prefix + summary_insert1 + "\n"
for i in range(trailing_items, 1, -1):
if leading_items or i != trailing_items:
s += next_line_prefix
s += _formatArray(a[-i], format_function, rank-1, max_line_len,
" " + next_line_prefix, separator, edge_items,
summary_insert)
s = s.rstrip() + sep.rstrip() + '\n'*max(rank-1, 1)
if leading_items or trailing_items > 1:
s += next_line_prefix
s += _formatArray(a[-1], format_function, rank-1, max_line_len,
" " + next_line_prefix, separator, edge_items,
summary_insert).rstrip()+']\n'
return s
class FloatFormat(object):
def __init__(self, data, precision, suppress_small, sign=False):
self.precision = precision
self.suppress_small = suppress_small
self.sign = sign
self.exp_format = False
self.large_exponent = False
self.max_str_len = 0
try:
self.fillFormat(data)
except (TypeError, NotImplementedError):
# if reduce(data) fails, this instance will not be called, just
# instantiated in formatdict.
pass
def fillFormat(self, data):
from . import numeric as _nc
with _nc.errstate(all='ignore'):
special = isnan(data) | isinf(data)
valid = not_equal(data, 0) & ~special
non_zero = absolute(data.compress(valid))
if len(non_zero) == 0:
max_val = 0.
min_val = 0.
else:
max_val = maximum.reduce(non_zero)
min_val = minimum.reduce(non_zero)
if max_val >= 1.e8:
self.exp_format = True
if not self.suppress_small and (min_val < 0.0001
or max_val/min_val > 1000.):
self.exp_format = True
if self.exp_format:
self.large_exponent = 0 < min_val < 1e-99 or max_val >= 1e100
self.max_str_len = 8 + self.precision
if self.large_exponent:
self.max_str_len += 1
if self.sign:
format = '%+'
else:
format = '%'
format = format + '%d.%de' % (self.max_str_len, self.precision)
else:
format = '%%.%df' % (self.precision,)
if len(non_zero):
precision = max([_digits(x, self.precision, format)
for x in non_zero])
else:
precision = 0
precision = min(self.precision, precision)
self.max_str_len = len(str(int(max_val))) + precision + 2
if _nc.any(special):
self.max_str_len = max(self.max_str_len,
len(_nan_str),
len(_inf_str)+1)
if self.sign:
format = '%#+'
else:
format = '%#'
format = format + '%d.%df' % (self.max_str_len, precision)
self.special_fmt = '%%%ds' % (self.max_str_len,)
self.format = format
def __call__(self, x, strip_zeros=True):
from . import numeric as _nc
with _nc.errstate(invalid='ignore'):
if isnan(x):
if self.sign:
return self.special_fmt % ('+' + _nan_str,)
else:
return self.special_fmt % (_nan_str,)
elif isinf(x):
if x > 0:
if self.sign:
return self.special_fmt % ('+' + _inf_str,)
else:
return self.special_fmt % (_inf_str,)
else:
return self.special_fmt % ('-' + _inf_str,)
s = self.format % x
if self.large_exponent:
# 3-digit exponent
expsign = s[-3]
if expsign == '+' or expsign == '-':
s = s[1:-2] + '0' + s[-2:]
elif self.exp_format:
# 2-digit exponent
if s[-3] == '0':
s = ' ' + s[:-3] + s[-2:]
elif strip_zeros:
z = s.rstrip('0')
s = z + ' '*(len(s)-len(z))
return s
def _digits(x, precision, format):
if precision > 0:
s = format % x
z = s.rstrip('0')
return precision - len(s) + len(z)
else:
return 0
class IntegerFormat(object):
def __init__(self, data):
try:
max_str_len = max(len(str(maximum.reduce(data))),
len(str(minimum.reduce(data))))
self.format = '%' + str(max_str_len) + 'd'
except (TypeError, NotImplementedError):
# if reduce(data) fails, this instance will not be called, just
# instantiated in formatdict.
pass
except ValueError:
# this occurs when everything is NA
pass
def __call__(self, x):
if _MININT < x < _MAXINT:
return self.format % x
else:
return "%s" % x
class LongFloatFormat(object):
# XXX Have to add something to determine the width to use a la FloatFormat
# Right now, things won't line up properly
def __init__(self, precision, sign=False):
self.precision = precision
self.sign = sign
def __call__(self, x):
if isnan(x):
if self.sign:
return '+' + _nan_str
else:
return ' ' + _nan_str
elif isinf(x):
if x > 0:
if self.sign:
return '+' + _inf_str
else:
return ' ' + _inf_str
else:
return '-' + _inf_str
elif x >= 0:
if self.sign:
return '+' + format_longfloat(x, self.precision)
else:
return ' ' + format_longfloat(x, self.precision)
else:
return format_longfloat(x, self.precision)
class LongComplexFormat(object):
def __init__(self, precision):
self.real_format = LongFloatFormat(precision)
self.imag_format = LongFloatFormat(precision, sign=True)
def __call__(self, x):
r = self.real_format(x.real)
i = self.imag_format(x.imag)
return r + i + 'j'
class ComplexFormat(object):
def __init__(self, x, precision, suppress_small):
self.real_format = FloatFormat(x.real, precision, suppress_small)
self.imag_format = FloatFormat(x.imag, precision, suppress_small,
sign=True)
def __call__(self, x):
r = self.real_format(x.real, strip_zeros=False)
i = self.imag_format(x.imag, strip_zeros=False)
if not self.imag_format.exp_format:
z = i.rstrip('0')
i = z + 'j' + ' '*(len(i)-len(z))
else:
i = i + 'j'
return r + i
class DatetimeFormat(object):
def __init__(self, x, unit=None, timezone=None, casting='same_kind'):
# Get the unit from the dtype
if unit is None:
if x.dtype.kind == 'M':
unit = datetime_data(x.dtype)[0]
else:
unit = 's'
if timezone is None:
timezone = 'naive'
self.timezone = timezone
self.unit = unit
self.casting = casting
def __call__(self, x):
return "'%s'" % datetime_as_string(x,
unit=self.unit,
timezone=self.timezone,
casting=self.casting)
class TimedeltaFormat(object):
def __init__(self, data):
if data.dtype.kind == 'm':
nat_value = array(['NaT'], dtype=data.dtype)[0]
int_dtype = dtype(data.dtype.byteorder + 'i8')
int_view = data.view(int_dtype)
v = int_view[not_equal(int_view, nat_value.view(int_dtype))]
if len(v) > 0:
# Max str length of non-NaT elements
max_str_len = max(len(str(maximum.reduce(v))),
len(str(minimum.reduce(v))))
else:
max_str_len = 0
if len(v) < len(data):
# data contains a NaT
max_str_len = max(max_str_len, 5)
self.format = '%' + str(max_str_len) + 'd'
self._nat = "'NaT'".rjust(max_str_len)
def __call__(self, x):
# TODO: After NAT == NAT deprecation should be simplified:
if (x + 1).view('i8') == x.view('i8'):
return self._nat
else:
return self.format % x.astype('i8')
class SubArrayFormat(object):
def __init__(self, format_function):
self.format_function = format_function
def __call__(self, arr):
if arr.ndim <= 1:
return "[" + ", ".join(self.format_function(a) for a in arr) + "]"
return "[" + ", ".join(self.__call__(a) for a in arr) + "]"
class StructureFormat(object):
def __init__(self, format_functions):
self.format_functions = format_functions
self.num_fields = len(format_functions)
def __call__(self, x):
s = "("
for field, format_function in zip(x, self.format_functions):
s += format_function(field) + ", "
return (s[:-2] if 1 < self.num_fields else s[:-1]) + ")"
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